![]() ![]() Johnson tried to connect the nation's trust responsibility to the tribes and nations to contemporary issues for African-American civil rights, an area with which he was much more familiar. President Johnson said "the time has come to focus our efforts on the plight of the American Indian", and NCIO's formation would "launch an undivided, Government-wide effort in this area". On March 6, 1968, President Johnson signed Executive Order 11399, establishing the National Council on Indian Opportunity (NCIO). The Navajo people believed that the federal government has violated the Treaty of 1868 by these results the Bureau of Indian Affairs was assigned to care for Navajo economic, educational, and health services. ![]() Even after environmental laws were passed and the dangers assessed, clean-up has been slow. īoth the open and other, now abandoned, uranium mines have continued to poison and pollute land, water and air of Navajo communities today. They had no understanding of radiation, nor a translation for the word in their language. In addition, the majority of Navajo workers did not speak English. government appears to have been aware of the harmful risks associated with uranium mining since the 1930s, and neglected to inform the Navajo communities. Although Navajo workers were initially enthusiastic about employment, the U.S. These often offered the only available employment in isolated areas to the Navajo people. Preceding the Indian Termination Policies, an official policy directive of the United States government from 1940 to the early 1960s and directed by multiple executive administrations (both Democrat and Republican), uranium mining operations were established across Navajo tribal lands. Main article: Uranium mining and the Navajo people They have also allied with indigenous interests outside the United States. In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests advocating indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities, and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States. According to public documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), advanced coordination occurred between federal Bureau of Indian Affairs staff and the authors of a twenty-point proposal drafted with the help of the AIM for delivery to the United States government officials focused on proposals intended to enhance US–Indian relations. In October 1972, AIM and other Indian groups gathered members from across the United States for a protest in Washington, D.C., known as the Trail of Broken Treaties. įrom November 1969 to June 1971, AIM participated in the occupation of the abandoned federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island organized by seven Indian movements, including the Indians of All Tribes and Richard Oakes, a Mohawk activist. The American Indian Movement formed in such urbanized contexts, at a time of increasing Indian activism. While many Urban Indians struggled with displacement and such radically different settings, some also began to organize in pan-Indian groups in urban centers. As a result, nearly seventy percent of American Indians left their communal homelands on reservations and relocated to urban centers, many in hopes of finding economic sustainability. These policies were enacted by the United States Congress under congressional plenary power. In addition, Public Law 280, otherwise known as the Indian Termination Act, proposed to terminate the federal government's relations with several tribes which were determined to be far along the path of assimilation. They had been alienated from their traditional backgrounds as a result of the United States' Public Law 959 Indian Relocation Act of 1956, which supported thousands of Native Americans who wanted to move from reservations to cities, in an attempt to enable them to have more economic opportunities for work. ĪIM was organized by Native American men who had been serving time together in prison. These issues have included treaty rights, high rates of unemployment, Native American education, cultural continuity, and the preservation of Indigenous cultures. AIM soon widened its focus from urban issues to many Indigenous Tribal issues that Native American groups have faced due to settler colonialism in the Americas. The American Indian Movement ( AIM) is a Native American grassroots movement which was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota in July 1968, initially centered in urban areas in order to address systemic issues of poverty, discrimination, and police brutality against Native Americans.
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